Active & Passive Voice
Voice shows whether the subject performs the action or receives the action. Active voice is when the subject does the action; passive is when the subject receives the action.
Active Structure: Subject + Verb + Object
- She writes a letter.
- The boy kicked the ball.
- They are reading a book.
- He repaired the car.
- We solved the problem.
Passive Structure: Object + form of BE + past participle (V3) + (by + Subject)
- A letter is written by her.
- The ball was kicked by the boy.
- The book is being read by them.
- The car was repaired by him.
- The problem was solved by us.
| Subject | Object |
|---|---|
| I | me |
| We | us |
| You | you |
| He | him |
| She | her |
| They | them |
| It | it |
- When the doer is unknown: The window was broken.
- When the doer is unimportant: English is spoken worldwide.
- To emphasize the result: The project was completed successfully.
- In formal or scientific writing: The data was analyzed carefully.
- To sound polite or indirect: A mistake has been made.
- Find the object of the active sentence.
- Make it the subject of the passive sentence.
- Use the correct form of be.
- Use V3 (past participle) of the verb.
- Change subject pronoun to object pronoun after by.
- By + doer is optional if the doer is unimportant or unknown.
Active: Subject + V₁(s/es) + Object
Passive: Object + am/is/are + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. She cleans the room. | 1. The room is cleaned by her. |
| 2. They sell cars. | 2. Cars are sold by them. |
| 3. He teaches English. | 3. English is taught by him. |
| 4. The manager approves the plan. | 4. The plan is approved by the manager. |
| 5. She writes letters daily. | 5. Letters are written by her daily. |
Active: Subject + am/is/are + V-ing + Object
Passive: Object + am/is/are + being + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. He is writing a report. | 1. A report is being written by him. |
| 2. She is cooking food. | 2. Food is being cooked by her. |
| 3. They are painting the wall. | 3. The wall is being painted by them. |
| 4. I am reading the book. | 4. The book is being read by me. |
| 5. We are solving the problem. | 5. The problem is being solved by us. |
Active: Subject + has/have + V₃ + Object
Passive: Object + has/have been + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. They have completed the work. | 1. The work has been completed by them. |
| 2. She has washed the clothes. | 2. The clothes have been washed by her. |
| 3. He has fixed the car. | 3. The car has been fixed by him. |
| 4. We have prepared dinner. | 4. Dinner has been prepared by us. |
| 5. She has written a report. | 5. A report has been written by her. |
Active: Subject + V₂ + Object
Passive: Object + was/were + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. He repaired the car. | 1. The car was repaired by him. |
| 2. They built a house. | 2. A house was built by them. |
| 3. She wrote a letter. | 3. A letter was written by her. |
| 4. We finished the project. | 4. The project was finished by us. |
| 5. The teacher explained the lesson. | 5. The lesson was explained by the teacher. |
Active: Subject + was/were + V-ing + Object
Passive: Object + was/were + being + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. She was teaching the class. | 1. The class was being taught by her. |
| 2. They were painting the wall. | 2. The wall was being painted by them. |
| 3. He was fixing the machine. | 3. The machine was being fixed by him. |
| 4. We were cleaning the room. | 4. The room was being cleaned by us. |
| 5. The chef was preparing food. | 5. Food was being prepared by the chef. |
Active: Subject + had + V₃ + Object
Passive: Object + had been + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. He had finished the task. | 1. The task had been finished by him. |
| 2. She had prepared dinner. | 2. Dinner had been prepared by her. |
| 3. They had completed the project. | 3. The project had been completed by them. |
| 4. We had read the book. | 4. The book had been read by us. |
| 5. The students had solved the problems. | 5. The problems had been solved by the students. |
Active: Subject + will/shall + V₁ + Object
Passive: Object + will/shall + be + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. They will announce the result. | 1. The result will be announced by them. |
| 2. He will open the shop. | 2. The shop will be opened by him. |
| 3. She will write a letter. | 3. A letter will be written by her. |
| 4. We will complete the project. | 4. The project will be completed by us. |
| 5. The teacher will explain the lesson. | 5. The lesson will be explained by the teacher. |
Active: Subject + will/shall + have + V₃ + Object
Passive: Object + will/shall + have been + V₃ + (by + Subject)
| Active Example | Passive Example |
|---|---|
| 1. She will have completed the project. | 1. The project will have been completed by her. |
| 2. They will have cleaned the office. | 2. The office will have been cleaned by them. |
| 3. He will have repaired the car. | 3. The car will have been repaired by him. |
| 4. We will have prepared dinner. | 4. Dinner will have been prepared by us. |
| 5. The manager will have approved the plan. | 5. The plan will have been approved by the manager. |
Structure: Modal + be + V₃ (present/future), Modal + have been + V₃ (past)
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| 1. He can solve the problem. | 1. The problem can be solved by him. |
| 2. She must follow the rules. | 2. The rules must be followed by her. |
| 3. They should have finished the work. | 3. The work should have been finished by them. |
| 4. We may complete the task. | 4. The task may be completed by us. |
| 5. He might write a letter. | 5. A letter might be written by him. |
Structure: Let + Object + be + V₃
| Active | Passive |
|---|---|
| 1. Close the door. | 1. Let the door be closed. |
| 2. Complete the form. | 2. Let the form be completed. |
| 3. Do not waste time. | 3. Let time not be wasted. |
| 4. Open the window. | 4. Let the window be opened. |
| 5. Finish the task. | 5. Let the task be finished. |
- Present Perfect Continuous – She has been teaching English. ❌ Passive not possible
- Past Perfect Continuous – They had been waiting for hours. ❌ Passive not possible
- Future Continuous – He will be driving the car. ❌ Passive not possible
- Future Perfect Continuous – She will have been studying all night. ❌ Passive not possible
Intransitive verbs do not take an object, so passive voice cannot be formed.
- He sleeps. ❌
- The baby cried. ❌
- She laughed loudly. ❌
- They arrived late. ❌
- We ran fast. ❌
Active & Passive Voice Worksheet
Section A: Active → Passive (20 marks)
Section B: Passive → Active (20 marks)
Conditional Sentences
Zero Conditional
First Conditional
Second Conditional
Third Conditional
Mixed Conditional
2-Event structure in Tenses
Action 1 Happens Before Action 2
Shows which action occurred first in the past.
Action 1 Interrupted by Action 2
Shows a longer action being interrupted by a shorter one.
Two Actions at the Same Time
Use when two actions occur simultaneously in the past.
Future Action Completed Before Another
Shows one future action finished before the next starts.
Past Event Affecting Present
Connects a past experience or event to the present.
Modal Verbs
Modal Verbs are special auxiliary verbs that express the speaker’s attitude or mood toward an action. They show possibility, ability, necessity, permission, obligation, certainty, and more.
- She can swim very well. (ability)
- It might rain later. (possibility)
- You must wear a seatbelt. (obligation)
Subject + Modal Verb + Base Form of Main Verb
Example: She can dance. / They must leave soon.
❗ Modals are always followed by the base form of the verb (no “to” or “-s”).
- They never take -s in the third person (❌ He cans, ✅ He can).
- They are followed by a bare infinitive (base verb without “to”).
- They do not have all verb forms (no past participle, infinitive, etc.).
- They express the speaker’s attitude or opinion.
1. Can – Ability / Permission / Possibility
Ability: I can speak three languages.
Permission: You can go now.
Possibility: Anyone can make mistakes.
2. Could – Past Ability / Polite Request / Possibility
Past Ability: When I was a child, I could run fast.
Polite Request: Could you help me, please?
Possibility: It could rain tomorrow.
3. May – Permission / Possibility / Wish
Permission: You may enter now.
Possibility: It may snow tonight.
Wish: May you have a long life!
4. Might – Weaker Possibility
Possibility: She might come to the party (50-50 chance).
Suggestion: You might try restarting your laptop.
5. Must – Obligation / Deduction
Obligation: You must wear a helmet.
Deduction: She must be tired after the trip. (Logical conclusion)
6. Shall – Future Intention / Suggestion (Formal)
Future: We shall meet again soon.
Suggestion: Shall we go out for coffee?
7. Should – Advice / Expectation / Duty
Advice: You should eat more vegetables.
Expectation: The train should arrive at 6.
Duty: Students should respect their teachers.
8. Will – Future / Willingness / Promise
Future: I will call you tomorrow.
Promise: I will help you.
Habit: He will often talk for hours.
9. Would – Politeness / Habit in the Past / Imaginary Situations
Politeness: Would you like some tea?
Past Habit: When I was young, I would play outside every day.
Imaginary: I would travel if I had money.
10. Ought to – Moral Duty / Advice
You ought to help your parents.
We ought to respect the law.
We can use modals with have + past participle to talk about the past.
- He must have forgotten the meeting. (deduction)
- You should have studied harder. (regret/advice)
- She could have won the race. (missed possibility)
❌ Wrong: He can to swim.
✅ Correct: He can swim.
Never use “to” after a modal verb.
❌ Wrong: She musts go now.
✅ Correct: She must go now.
Modals never take -s in third person.
❌ Wrong: I will can go there.
✅ Correct: I will be able to go there.
Modals cannot be combined; use an alternative phrase.
- Can/Could → Ability, Permission, Possibility
- May/Might → Permission, Possibility
- Must → Necessity, Deduction
- Shall/Will → Future, Willingness
- Should/Ought to → Advice, Duty
- Would → Politeness, Imaginary Situations
- Modals + Base Verb → Always rule of thumb ✅
Causative Verbs
Causative Verbs are verbs that show someone or something causes another person to perform an action. In other words, the subject doesn’t perform the action directly but causes it to happen.
- She had her car washed. (She didn’t wash it herself; someone else did it.)
- The teacher made the students clean the board. (The teacher caused them to act.)
Active Causative: Subject + Causative Verb + Object + Base Verb
Example: I had him paint the wall.
Passive Causative: Subject + Causative Verb + Object + Past Participle
Example: I had the wall painted.
1. Have
Used when someone arranges for another person to do something.
Active: have + person + base verb
Passive: have + object + past participle
- I had my assistant book the tickets. (Active)
- I had my hair cut yesterday. (Passive)
2. Get
Similar to have but slightly more informal. It often implies persuasion or effort.
Structure: get + person + to + base verb / get + object + past participle
- He got his brother to repair the car. (Persuaded)
- She got her phone fixed. (Arranged for)
3. Make
Used when someone forces another person to do something.
Structure: make + person + base verb
- The teacher made the students stay late.
- His parents made him apologize.
No “to” is used after “make.”
4. Let
Used to express permission — to allow someone to do something.
Structure: let + person + base verb
- She let the kids play outside.
- My boss let me leave early.
No “to” is used after “let.”
5. Help
Used when someone assists another in doing something.
Structure: help + person + (to) + base verb
- She helped me (to) prepare the report.
- He helped the team (to) win the match.
“To” is optional after “help.”
Active Causative
The subject causes another person to do the action.
- I had my brother wash the car.
- She got the technician to fix the computer.
Passive Causative
The subject arranges for the action to be done (focus on the result, not the doer).
- I had the car washed.
- He got his roof repaired.
❌ Wrong: I made him to do it.
✅ Correct: I made him do it.
Do not use “to” after make.
❌ Wrong: I got him do it.
✅ Correct: I got him to do it.
Use “to” after get in active causatives.
❌ Wrong: I had my brother to paint the wall.
✅ Correct: I had my brother paint the wall.
No “to” after have in active causative.
- Have → Arrange for someone to do something.
- Get → Persuade or arrange (informal).
- Make → Force someone to act (no “to”).
- Let → Give permission (no “to”).
- Help → Assist (with or without “to”).
- Active: Subject causes the person to do the action.
- Passive: Subject causes the action to be done.
Articles
An Article is a word placed before a noun to indicate whether it refers to something specific or general. Articles are essential in English grammar as they define the definiteness of a noun.
- I saw a dog in the street. (Any dog — not specific)
- I saw the dog that chased me. (A particular dog — specific)
1. Indefinite Articles (a / an)
Used before singular countable nouns when referring to something for the first time or when it is not specific.
- a book (any book)
- an apple (any apple)
- I saw a man walking down the road.
‘A’ is used before words beginning with a consonant sound. ‘An’ is used before words beginning with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).
Examples:
- a car, a dog, a university (sound of ‘yu’)
- an umbrella, an hour (silent ‘h’)
2. Definite Article (the)
Used before nouns that are known to both the speaker and listener or when referring to something unique or previously mentioned.
- the sun, the earth, the sky
- the book on the table (specific one)
“The” can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns.
Rule 1 – First vs. Second Mention
Use “a/an” when mentioning something for the first time, and “the” when mentioning it again.
- I saw a cat. The cat was sleeping.
Rule 2 – Use of “A” and “An” Based on Sound
- a university (sound: “yu”)
- an MBA student (sound: “em”)
Rule 3 – With Unique Things
- the sun, the moon, the Taj Mahal
Rule 4 – With Superlatives & Ordinals
- the best player, the first prize
Rule 5 – With Names of Rivers, Oceans & Ranges
- the Ganga, the Himalayas, the Pacific Ocean
Rule 6 – With Inventions, Musical Instruments & Newspapers
- She plays the violin.
- The telephone was invented by Bell.
- I read the Times of India.
Rule 7 – With Nationalities & Groups
- The French are famous for fashion.
- The British ruled India.
Rule 8 – Before Nouns Representing Whole Classes
- The lion is a brave animal. (Refers to all lions)
Rule 9 – With Proper Nouns Used as Common Nouns
- He is the Shakespeare of our college.
Sometimes, no article is used before nouns. This is called the Zero Article case. Below are common situations where articles are omitted:
1. Before Proper Nouns
- India is a beautiful country.
- Rahul is my friend.
2. Before Abstract Nouns (Used Generally)
- Honesty is the best policy.
- Beauty fades with time.
3. Before Names of Meals (General Sense)
- We have breakfast at 8.
- Dinner is ready.
But: “The dinner we had last night was delicious.”
4. Before Languages, Subjects, Sports
- She speaks English fluently.
- He loves Mathematics.
- They play cricket daily.
5. Before Plural Countable Nouns (General Sense)
- Cats are playful animals.
- Books give us knowledge.
6. Before Uncountable Nouns Used Generally
- Water is essential for life.
- Information is power.
- A / An → Non-specific, singular, countable nouns.
- The → Specific, known, or unique nouns.
- Zero Article → Before general, abstract, proper, or plural nouns.
- Remember: The choice of article depends on context and meaning, not just grammar rules.
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Adverb
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It tells us how, when, where, or to what extent something happens. Many adverbs end in “-ly”.
- She runs quickly.
- He speaks softly.
- They will arrive tomorrow.
- It is very cold today.
- The teacher explained it clearly.
1. Adverbs of Manner
Show how an action is done.
Examples: quickly, slowly, beautifully, badly, happily
Example Sentence: She sang beautifully.
2. Adverbs of Time
Tell when an action happens.
Examples: now, yesterday, today, soon, later
Example Sentence: We will leave tomorrow.
3. Adverbs of Place
Tell where an action happens.
Examples: here, there, inside, outside, everywhere
Example Sentence: Please sit here.
4. Adverbs of Frequency
Show how often an action occurs.
Examples: always, often, sometimes, rarely, never
Example Sentence: He always arrives on time.
5. Adverbs of Degree
Show the intensity or extent of an action, adjective, or another adverb.
Examples: very, extremely, almost, completely, quite
Example Sentence: The movie was extremely interesting.
| # | Adverb | Type | Example |
|---|
- Start: Often used to emphasize time or manner at the beginning.
Quickly, she ran to the park. - Middle: Common for frequency and degree adverbs; usually placed before the main verb or after “to be”.
She has always been kind.
They are very happy today. - End: Typical for manner, place, or time adverbs; emphasizes how, where, or when.
He finished his homework quickly.
We will meet tomorrow.
Please sit here.
Adverbs Worksheet
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Interjection
An interjection is a word or short phrase that expresses sudden emotion or reaction. It can show surprise, joy, anger, disgust, or any strong feeling. Interjections are often followed by an exclamation mark (!).
- Wow! That’s a beautiful painting.
- Ouch! That really hurt.
- Hurray! We won the match!
- Oh no! I forgot my keys.
- Alas! The hero died in the story.
1. Interjections of Joy
Used to express happiness or delight.
Examples: Hurray!, Yay!, Wow!, Bravo!, Great!
Example Sentence: Hurray! We finally won the trophy!
2. Interjections of Surprise
Used to express astonishment or wonder.
Examples: Oh!, What!, Really!, Gosh!, Aha!
Example Sentence: Oh! You’re already here!
3. Interjections of Sorrow
Used to express sadness, grief, or pity.
Examples: Alas!, Oh no!, Poor me!, Too bad!
Example Sentence: Alas! We lost our way in the storm.
4. Interjections of Anger
Used to express annoyance or frustration.
Examples: Damn!, Hey!, Shut up!, Stop!
Example Sentence: Hey! Watch where you’re going!
5. Interjections of Greeting
Used while meeting or welcoming someone.
Examples: Hello!, Hi!, Hey!, Good morning!
Example Sentence: Hi! How are you today?
6. Interjections of Approval
Used to show agreement or appreciation.
Examples: Bravo!, Well done!, Excellent!, Great!
Example Sentence: Bravo! That was an amazing performance!
| # | Interjection | Emotion | Example |
|---|
Conjunction
A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Conjunctions help to form complex ideas without repeating information.
- I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain.
- She likes coffee and tea.
- He will come if he finishes his work.
- We can go out or stay home.
- She worked hard because she wanted to succeed.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Join two equal parts of a sentence — words, phrases, or independent clauses.
Examples: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Example Sentence: She wanted to go out, but it was raining.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause and show the relationship between them.
Examples: because, although, since, unless, when, if, while, before, after.
Example Sentence: I stayed home because I was tired.
Correlative Conjunctions
Used in pairs to join equal sentence elements that are grammatically similar.
Examples: either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also, whether…or.
Example Sentence: Either you start working now or you’ll miss the deadline.
Conjunctive Adverbs
Act as transitions between independent clauses, showing contrast, cause, or sequence.
Examples: however, therefore, moreover, consequently, furthermore, meanwhile.
Example Sentence: She was tired; however, she continued working.
| # | Conjunction | Type | Example |
|---|
Conjunctions Worksheet
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Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. It tells us about time, place, direction, cause, manner, or possession.
- The book is on the table.
- She walked to the park.
- The cat jumped over the wall.
- We will meet after lunch.
- He sat beside his friend.
Prepositions of Time
Show the relationship of time between nouns or events. They answer “When?”.
Examples: at, on, in, before, after, during, since, until.
Example Sentence: She wakes up at 6 a.m. every day.
Prepositions of Place
Show the physical location or position of a noun. They answer “Where?”.
Examples: in, on, at, under, between, among, over, behind.
Example Sentence: The cat is sleeping under the chair.
Prepositions of Direction or Movement
Indicate motion or direction from one place to another.
Examples: to, into, towards, through, across, along, over, up, down.
Example Sentence: She walked through the garden.
Prepositions of Manner
Show the manner or method in which something happens or is done.
Examples: by, with, like, as, in.
Example Sentence: He solved the problem with ease.
Prepositions of Agent or Instrument
Show the agent performing an action or the tool used to perform it.
Examples: by, with.
Example Sentence: The poem was written by Shakespeare.
Prepositions of Cause, Reason, or Purpose
Indicate why something happens or the purpose behind it.
Examples: for, from, because of, due to, owing to.
Example Sentence: She was late because of traffic.
Prepositions of Possession
Show that something belongs to someone or something.
Examples: of, with.
Example Sentence: A friend of mine called yesterday.
Compound Prepositions
Formed by prefixing a preposition with a word like “according”, “apart”, or “close”.
Examples: according to, along with, apart from, because of.
Example Sentence: According to the report, sales increased by 20%.
| # | Preposition | Usage | Example |
|---|
Prepositions Worksheet 1
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Prepositions Worksheet 2
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Prepositions Worksheet 3
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