Parts of Speech

• Noun – names a person, place, thing, or idea
• Pronoun – replaces a noun (he, she, it, they)
• Verb – shows action or state (run, is)
• Adjective – describes a noun (big, happy)
• Adverb – describes a verb, adjective, or adverb (quickly, very)
• Preposition – shows relationship (in, on, at, under)
• Conjunction – connects words or sentences (and, but, because)
• Interjection – shows sudden feeling (oh!, wow!)

Sentence Basics

• Subject – who or what the sentence is about
• Predicate – what the subject does or is
• Clause – a group of words with subject + verb
• Phrase – a group of words without subject + verb
• Sentence types – declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory

Verb Forms & Tenses

• Base form (go), Past tense (went), Past participle (gone), -ing form (going)
• Tenses – present, past, future (with simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous forms)
• Auxiliary verbs – be, have, do
• Modal verbs – can, could, may, might, must, should, will, would

Other Essentials

• Articles – a, an, the
• Determiners – this, that, some, many, few
• Comparatives & Superlatives – bigger, biggest
• Voice – active vs passive
• Direct & Indirect Speech – “He said, ‘I’m tired’” vs “He said he was tired”
• Conditionals – if-clauses (zero, first, second, third, mixed)
• Gerunds & Infinitives – swimming, to swim
• Subject-Verb Agreement – She runs vs They run